Affichage des articles dont le libellé est gold. Afficher tous les articles
Affichage des articles dont le libellé est gold. Afficher tous les articles

2015/03/10

Was gold really out between 1971 and 2015 ?

A short comment on Koos's last articles.

Firstly about the Western coup against gold in 1971 :

Dr. Kissinger said that one answer to the question asked this morning was this. When the basic proposition is approved will we be prepared to defend the dollar? His impression was yes and that this was the purpose of the new exchange parities. 
President Pompidou said he knew that the President expected him to speak frankly and he would do so. It was not so much for the French at the present time a question of the price of gold. There had been much talk about this. There was the Rueff theory that the price of gold should be doubled. This was not the question at present. For the present we should consider the general interest as between proponents of a liberal economy. That is, the Western World plus Japan.
[...] 
President Pompidou said that we must not fear words. There was no question of the dollar becoming convertible into gold but if there is a consolidation of U. S. balances and the U.S. defends the dollar. Then the dollar is convertible from currency to currency. He understood the President’s reservation on an immediate statement but that is what it means or then there would be no real defense of the dollar. Dr. Kissinger said that we would have to buy dollars with other currencies in order to defend it. President Pompidou replied that this was correct. There was no other defense. Dr. Kissinger said that gold was out and President Pompidou said he understood this.
Excerpt from the minutes of the meeting between Pompidou, Kissinger and Nixon on December 13, 1971 at 4 PM, Azores.
Simply said, the post-Bretton Woods regime and the demise of gold in the International Monetary System was accepted only in the name of the defense of the Western World, that is, of bank owner's interests
It is significant that this ambition is not shared anymore between the Western leaders, or said differently: the official come-back of gold in the IMS will be at the same time a proof that the Western World's domination by its previous so-called elites does not exist any more, or at least is surrendering.


An secondly: 44 years after the Azores meeting, Xu Luode presents the SGE’s international ambitions in the Indian Bullion Bulletin, volume 5, issue 2, Feb. 2015, pp. 34-36. He is the chairman of the Shanghai Gold Exchange (SGE), Vice Chairman of China Gold Association, Vice Chairman of China Payment and Settlement Association, and the Executive Member of China Finance Society :
The International Board lends greater weight to the importance of Asian gold market on the international stage. China, India, Dubai and Singapore all enjoy vibrant trading scenes and comparative advantages; however, in the eyes of many investors, the influence wielded by the Asian markets is still very limited as a whole. Using the International Board as a launch pad, China’s gold market will embrace greater openness and foster stronger ties with its neighbors and, together, elevate the trading and pricing influence of Asia in the world’s gold market. 
[...] SGE and [US-based] CME have recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding with regards to future cooperation efforts. As a perennial major consumer of gold and a close neighbor of China, India will undoubtedly become one of SGE’s most important partners in the coming years. SGE looks forward to forming close partnerships with the Indian market. 
[...] Furthermore, the SGE will focus on enhancing its transit and leasing businesses, gradually roll out foreign currency-based collateral services and FX swaps, accept offshore funds from more varied sources for International Board transactions, further improve the financial services offered to international members and customers in regards to account opening and cross-border funds transfers.
The strategy for Shanghai Gold Exchange is very clear: to become the Global Exchange Center for monetary metals with affiliates, antennas (call them) in London, Tokyo, all Asia, BRICS main gold Exchanges (including NY with CME's MoU as a first step) in order to seek real market-based price synchronisation all over the world.


In short: between 1971 and 2015, gold was not really out of the IMS, Mr. Kissinger. It was simply pulled out from the West and it has flown to Asia. Now gold is ready to gradually emerge back as a basis of international monetary system.


2015/01/27

Evidences for a market crash's forensic analysis



  • Aug. 2013, Dec. 2014, Apr. 2015, June 2015, August 2015 gold futures contracts: backwardations





  • TIC flows : UST

  • China foreign exchange reserves :

  • UST held in custody in NY for Foreign Official and International Accounts :
  • UST rates :
yield curve 3/24/2015

Swiss bond rates structure 01/2015 (source)


10Y Swiss bond rate




We observe same negative yield curves for Austria, Belgium, Finland, Sweden.
  • JGB rates :
5Y JGB

10Y JGB

30Y JGB 
  • 10Y bonds worldwide ranking 02/07/2015 :
  • Exchange rates :
USD / Euro, updated daily

USD / Euro since 1978 ; updated monthly

1Y history,  Ukrainian hryvnia / EUR

5Y history, UAH/RUB
  • Western and BRICS currencies priced in mg of gold :
lhs: USDEuroGBPCHF; 
rhs: Yuan, RupeeReal priced in mg of Gold 
  • WTI and Brent prices, spread :
  • Velocity of U.S. M2 money stock :
U.S. : Velocity of M2 money stock 
(rhs: calculated using GDP/M2, green and grey 
lhs: calculated using GDP / StLouis Fed non-adjusted monetary base, blue and red)


2015/01/13

From Gold To Silver, Monetary Metals Markets Are Moving From West to East Giving Up an Empire of Paper


From gold to silver 

We have explained before the major significance of the gold market for the international monetary systems, either the currently main one and the emerging one in Asia.


The growth of the new IMS is strongly related to the size of the gold market in Asia. Any currency has to be traded against gold to provide an absolutely necessary measure of its changing value. The price of yuan in gold is a corner stone, and this market must not be rigged. That's why this market has to be operated end-to-end in China, from the internationally traded futures contracts denominated in yuan up to the metal delivery.
It is important to understand that the metal spot price is determined first by the price of the metal futures contracts when such a market exist. That's the way spot prices are best formed.

China has built these markets during the past decade, starting from non-monetary metals futures (copper, palladium...) exchange in Shanghaï (SHFE), first for mainland investors then internationally traded contracts. Chinese learned at each step, then SHFE opened a gold market, and quick after the silver market. Here is a summary.

Silver futures markets in Shanghaï (SHFE), London and New-York (COMEX)

China is the world’s largest silver producer after Mexico. 
April 2012 the silver futures were introduced as an alternative investment instrument for China’s private investors, and to allow China to influence the global silver price. 
September 2012 SHFE has reported the first physical delivery on a silver futures contract through its own platform.
At the same time, LBMA announced the cessation of silver forwards SIFO means releases with effect from 5th November 2012.
The trading volume exploded at SHFE : one year later, SHFE was the world first market for silver contracts above COMEX. This gap grew last year.



Source: BullionStar / Koos Jansen

"In 2013 total volume traded on the COMEX was 2,176,519 tonnes in silver futures; the SHFE traded 2,557,430 tonnes, 18 % more.
In 2014 total volume traded on the COMEX was 2,123,387 tonnes in silver futures, the SHFE traded 2,908,168 tonnes, 37 % more."

Gold futures markets in SHFE and COMEX

China is the world’s largest gold producer and consumer.
In 2012 more than 70% of all gold futures volume were traded on COMEX, where gold futures contracts exchange was launched on 31 December 1974. 
Tokyo TOCOM has been trading gold since 1982, India MCX since 2003. 

The Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE) introduced gold futures contracts to the Chinese market 1/9/2008. It grows to include night trading hours for gold and silver July 2013.

Very recently 9/18/2014 SGE opened of the International Board of gold metal traded in yuan. As expected, gold trading volumes have exploded : 



These graphs compare gold trading volumes in SGE, SHFE, COMEX: 



2015 SHFE + SGE gold trading volume will be higher than COMEX gold volume.

Western metal markets have no solution but giving up London and New-York. 
In July 2012, Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing (HKEx) bought the London Metal Exchange (LME), starting with non monetary metals. LBMA announced last month its GOFO market will stop 01/30/2015. GOFO is the London flavor of gold futures (forwards contracts). 

As we wrote before: 
"The next victim will be COMEX gold futures market. We can anticipate again a growing internationalized gold futures market in Shanghaï (SHFE International Board) at the same time." 
This step was officially announced a few days ago : just when GOFO market will close this month, Hong-Kong will open its first internationally traded gold futures contract, with CMEGroup which is operating gold COMEX market. 
HKEx trading is closely linked to SHFE. CMEGroup has recently joined and now confirms its ambition for these new gold futures contracts first announced Sept. 11, 2014

Updated 01/18/2015:





2014/12/03

Why and how negative GOFO really matters

Update: A few hours after this article was published 12/03/2014, LBMA announced its GOFO rates will stop 01/30/2015. As we wrote before, the world gold market is decoupling: the western part is fading quickly, but the eastern part is growing at the same speed. The next victim will be COMEX gold futures market. We can anticipate again a growing internationalized gold futures market in Shanghaï (SHFE International Board) at the same time. 

And remember the gold market is the unspoken foundation of International Monetary System. 

-------------------------

1- Accurate definitions 

GOFO (Gold Forward Offered) rates are the rates at which Market Making Members LEND gold to forward date on a swap against US dollars. 

GOFO depends also on the spread between the gold forward contract and the gold spot market. 

GOFO rates are submitted at 10:30am and fixed at 11am (London time), LIBOR rates are requested between 11.00am and 11.20am and fixed shortly thereafter. The LBMA since 7/1989 sets GOFO by polling its major bank dealers (Bank of Nova Scotia – Scotia Mocatta, Barclays, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan Chase Bank, Société Générale and UBS, knowing that some of them like Deutsche Bank have recently shut down their gold desk, following the LIBOR and Gold fix scandals).[*] 

GOFO Rates means are given in % using 5 digits but their minimum absolute variation above zero is currently 1/600. 


Sober Look: “As banks and other investors realized that gold prices can indeed drop significantly, many decided to hedge their positions by putting on gold forwards to lock in the price. A gold forward involves a future sale of gold at a fixed price. Whoever sold them the forward becomes long gold for future delivery. The forward provider will hedge her position by borrowing gold (via a lease) and selling it into the spot market. Now the forward provider will receive gold in the future on the forward contract and can deliver it against her lease, and is therefore fully hedged.” 

fofoa: "As long as the GOFO rate is positive, the borrowing of dollars will cost you more debt service than borrowing gold. So it can be said that there is a bid from gold for dollars as long as the GOFO is positive! When it turns negative, it can be said there is NO bid from gold for dollars. 

Remember, a lease is where you "rent out" an asset to derive an income stream. And a swap (like GOFO) is where you need a loan, so you offer an asset as collateral and then YOU pay the income stream to someone else.” 

Source: LBMA

The forward contract is specific to LBM market. It is similar but not strictly equivalent to futures. In the GOFO market central banks are special warehousemen: they store only central banks gold, they can lease this gold to bullion banks, but usually do not sell or buy it in the open market (for instance because of CBGA agreement). In the strict perimeter of gold futures market warehousemen (bullion banks) store your gold but do not lease it. 

To calculate the daily derived gold lease rates (DGLR or usually called GLR), the GOFO rates means are subtracted from the corresponding values of the LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rates) US dollar means: 

LIBOR minus GOFO = Derived Gold Lease Rate 

LBMA tables use the ‘LIBOR minus GOFO’ label. 

12 month GOFO data serie since 7/18/1989 (green); DGLR (blue); 
Source: Quandl.com ; updated daily [1]

GLOR (Gold Lease Offered Rate) is the daily mean of observed interest rates that central banks ask in order to lease the gold bullions they own. 

DGLR does not represent traded gold leasing like GLOR does. DGLR is a result of a simple arithmetic calculus. During normal market conditions, DGLR is a good enough proxy for GLOR. In this case LIBOR 3M should always be around 10bps (for storage etc) above GOFO 3M : DGLR = 10bps. 

Derived Gold Lease Rates between 1992 and 10/2013 (source

Derived Gold Lease Rates, 2 years moving data series 

We can observe: 1) 09/1999 was the biggest DGLR crisis till today. Explanations: 

In sept. 1999, 1M to 12M GOFO turned strongly negative but only for 2 days. Wednesday 29 Sept. 1999 is until now the only day where 12M GOFO was negative in LBMA history. It was the apex of the 1999 gold crisis : 
source: LBMA

We should note the 1999 gold crisis did not happened only for 2 days. The GOFO chart for this whole year depicts this clearly: observe how GOFO 1M has been divided by more than 2 in 97 and again in 98, before the 1999 crisis: 

GOFO rates, data series for Y1999; 
source: Conscience-sociale.org using LBMA data 

There are several major events to record here : 
  • the announcement of UK gold sale by BoE and Gordon Brown on 7 May 99 (i.e. : a crime of high treason against the english people; or watch this documentary about Brown's Bottom) 
  • the first gold auction on 6 July 1999; and others 16 auctions from July 1999 to March 2002 
  • and the historic first Washington Gold Agreement (CBGA) signed on Sunday 26 September 1999 
2) DGLR has been recorded with negative values during several months since 2009. Here is an explanation : 

Sober Look: “In 2008 during the Lehman bankruptcy lending markets froze. Banks wouldn’t lend to each other, and gold (the ultimate form of collateral) became a much more valuable asset to have on a balance sheet – increasing the cost to borrow gold dramatically. 

Lease rates stayed elevated through the first quarter of 2009, coincidentally the stock market bottomed at the same time, when the Fed inundated markets with liquidity and counterparty risk dropped. With counterparty risk no longer an issue, banks quickly began raising cash reserves in order to shore up their balance sheets. This pressure for bank liquidity was especially acute in Europe during the sovereign debt crisis. One of the easiest ways for banks to raise capital was lending out their gold. With all the banks trying to do this at the same time, it created a surge of gold available for borrow with little increase in demand. This ultimately pushed lease rates into negative territory, creating the perverse situation where traders were paying for another counterparty to borrow their gold. Now that balance sheets have been sufficiently capitalized, the gold leasing market has normalized with 3-month rates now trading around 15bps.” 

The most important here, because GOFO rates are near zero or lower these days, is that LIBOR, GOFO, DGLR are each means of offered prices. They are not individual bid or ask prices. Rigorously speaking, no gold basis or gold backwardation status (i.e. negative basis and positive cobasis) can be calculated using only them. But they are still useful as we will see. 

2- On The Road Towards Permanent Gold Backwardation in the West

Fekete has explained since a long time why permanent gold backwardation is the worst case scenario. 

Weiner has explained how temporary gold backwardation is deepening towards permanent gold backwardation. 

An example of full backwardation (as defined by the distorted rates curve) occurred in March 1998 in the London silver market, when W. Buffet decided to take delivery of at least 110MM ounces. The following figure shows the SIFO term structure evolution during the months towards full backwardation. 


The silver forwards rates are used here as a proxy for monitoring backwardation. It was more convenient and more readily available but also more approximate than the academic silver futures basis, until SIFO release was stopped

Fofoa has summarized how gold is withdrawn from the market during backwardation: “Only with a negative GOFO rate, you retain [at the end of the swap contract] control of the gold PLUS you receive the income stream coming in, so why instead would anyone LEASE their gold in this backwardation scenario? 

For that matter, why would you even SWAP your gold in this scenario? Unless, perhaps, you were desperate for dollars and you were swapping your gold with someone you knew for a fact would hold it safe for you and do nothing else with it.” 

But nowadays even central banks can make gold disappear without warning... 

Sandeep Jaitly has discussed the calculation of the gold basis using GOFO bid and offered prices in this essay

From our point of view, we can use publicly available GOFO as a trend or proxy signal for gold backwardation because : 

1) It seems that, on a very long timeframe, GOFO rates did not follow the same mostly always decreasing trend as did gold bases. But since 11/2011, they do. 

source and details (I've added the scale of the axes into the original chart) 

2) Since 1989, when GOFO 12M values become lower than 0,095 this has always been correlated with observed temporary backwardation for 1M contract (or worse) during the same week, as calculated using gold basis and cobasis. 

GOFO rates and "Paul's channel" with zoom till 12/02/2014; 
LBMA data compiled by conscience-sociale.org; 

This chart is updated frequently in our original article

What is remarkable is the way the purple line is drown (the bottom part of the channel), joining 4 key points of GOFO 12M curve:[2]
  • The 3 record lows : 05/22/2013, 05/06/2014, 12/01/2014 
  • And the value zero on 12/31/2014, the date of the end of G20 ultimatum to the US Congress to vote the negociated 2010 reform of IMF 
From this trend, we can anticipate when 12-month GOFO Rate will become negative (see channel above with yellow line and purple dash line). It will be the second time since the opening of western gold futures (or Gold forward) market. I've discussed this anticipation in this article and the first main consequences in this one

3- Beyond the screwed Gold Basis

a) The chartist way

Waiting for gold basis calculated using SGE futures international prices in renminbi instead of COMEX data, we can use the GOFO chart below to observe correlation between GOFO values, DGLR, geopolitical and monetary big events.

Source: conscience-sociale.org

This high definition picture allows to zoom (at the bottom) on events and key dates since 01/2010, together with some key DGLR values, record high or low. 

It is important to understand that because of ZIRP trap, the LIBOR rates cannot grow again above 0.5% like they did starting from 2004. Fed has lost this weapon for the next 2 decades (in US dollar life expectancy this means: forever), and cannot use it to sustain DGLR.

b) The basisGOFO way

What is the relation between Gold Basis and GOFO rates ? The answer is basisGOFO. 

Let’s follow Fekete’s questions

(1) What is the relation between LIBOR and LIBBR ? 

LIBBR is also called LIBID. 

LIBID (London Interbank Bid Rate) is the average of overnight interest rates for which banks accept deposits from others banks. It is published in the same time than LIBOR. 

For LIBID there is no formal fixing process, and it is supposed during normal market conditions that 

LIBID = (LIBOR – 0.125%) 

This means a difference of 1/8 base points. (source


(2) What is the relation between GLOR and GLBR 

GLBR (Gold Lease Bid Rate) is the daily average of interest rates that buyers want to pay to grab leased gold bullions; 

GLOR (Gold Lease Offered Rate) is the daily average of interest rates that market participants want to lease the gold bullions they own. 

During normal market conditions, these rates are observed with a 20 bps spread usually (source: LBMA/LPPM, page 21

This means GLOR = (GLBR – 0.20%) 

For GLOR and GLBR there is no formal fixing process. Instead, LBMA calculates daily a weighted average of GOFO rates. 

This calculation excludes the higher and the lower rates, as for LIBOR (this means they could be rigged the same way as LIBOR). 

Knowing the 20 bps spread discussed above, we can approximate the following values for GLBR and GLOR : 

GLBR = (average GOFO + 0.1%) 

GLOR = (average GOFO – 0.1%) 

“Average GOFO” is the currently published GOFO in this simplified model. 

We can then calculate the "refined GOFO" (I call it basisGOFO) during normal market conditions.

basisGOFO = LIBOR - GLBR = LIBOR - average GOFO – 0.1  


(3) What is the relation between GOFO and COGOFO? 

Knowing the LIBOR/LIBID spread above, we can calculate COGOFO (I call it cobasisGOFO) during normal market conditions.

cobasisGOFO = LIBID - GLOR 
cobasisGOFO = LIBOR – 0.025 - average GOFO 
cobasisGOFO = basisGOFO + 0.075 
cobasisGOFO = DGLR – 0.025  


(4) Can COGOFO go negative, and if so, what does it mean? 

Negative cobasisGOFO implies basisGOFO < -0.075 or DGLR < 0.025 during normal market conditions. 

Positive basisGOFO implies DGLR > 0.1 during normal market conditions. 

If you have access to LIBID, GLBR, GLOR exact historical data then you can determine much more precisely the trend of (co)basisGOFO during market crisis like nowadays, and explain movements between US dollar and gold, and the scarcity of each of them on the market. In short: at which extent each of them is used as a store of value. 

______________________________

[*] This procedure might change in 2015. [update: it has just been officially announced]

[1] The value used here for 07/31/2013 is questionable because Quandl.com has not refreshed the data they have downloaded from LBMA. 
As I wrote 10/28/2013: some values on the official GOFO page have interestingly been modified for the day 07/31/2013 since October 2013. July 31 was Comex August gold futures first notice day (see the gold futures calendar).
Previously we could read the following values for GOFO rates : 
31-Jul-13 -0.04833 -0.03333 -0.01167 0.06167 0.18000 
Now we can read : 
31-Jul-13 -0.04833 -0.04667 -0.03500 -0.01500 0.02000 
LIBOR data have also been modified accordingly for that day. 
Of course, LBMA does not support any commitment about the values displayed on its web site, and about any update which can occur at any position. We have never expected more from a financial services association.

[2] The record low on 31/07/2013 is not included but the reliability of this data is questionable (see note 1)